Los primeros internacionalistas que conocí / The first internationalists

Relato de perfil histórico a manera de crónica que describe como comenzó y alcanzó importante papel la presencia en Cuba de personal profesional de la salud que trabajó como colaboradores internacionalistas en momentos en que se producía lo que llamamos el "éxodo médico", o sea la emigración inducida por los enemigos de la Revolución creando problemas en la cobertura y calidad de los servicios de salud. La fuente principal para identificar nombres, nacionalidad y lugar de trabajo fue un artículo en la revista Tribuna Médica de Cuba, órgano oficial del Colegio Médico Nacional, el conocimiento del autor de no pocos de éstos internacionalistas y consultas realizadas con colegas que conocieron de estas circunstancias. Se distinguen los voluntarios que por decisión personal vinieron a Cuba y los que aceptaron voluntariamente venir en el marco de las relaciones intergubernamentales de sus países con Cuba. Entre los primeros todos los de países de América y de Europa Occidental. Los segundos de Europa Oriental(AU)

Historical profile report as a chronicle that describes how the presence in Cuba of professional health personnel who worked as internationalist collaborators at a time when what we call the "medical exodus", that is, emigration, began and reached an important role. induced by the enemies of the Revolution creating problems in the coverage and quality of health services. The main source to identify names, nationality and place of work was an article in the magazine Tribuna Médica de Cuba, official organ of the National Medical Association, the author's knowledge of not a few of these internationalists and consultations with colleagues who knew about these circumstances . Volunteers who came to Cuba by personal decision and those who voluntarily agreed to come within the framework of the intergovernmental relations of their countries with Cuba are distinguished. Among the first all of countries of America and Western Europe. The seconds of Eastern Europe(AU)

Western area surge for controlling Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Sierra Leone and evaluation of its effect / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the Western Area Surge (WAS) program in the Ebola outbreak of Sierra Leone, and to analyze its implementing effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The subject of this study was 3,813 laboratory confirmed Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) cases reported in Sierra Leone from November 19, 2014 through January 27, 2015, a period before and after the implementation of the WAS program. To analyze and make conclusions according to the working experience of China Mobile Laboratory Reponses Team in the fight of Ebola outbreak, using WHO published EHF case definition to make diagnosis and compare the number of bed numbers, confirmed EHF cases, samples tested, and positive rates before and after implementation of WAS program.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From the implementation of WAS program on 17th December 2014 to half a month later, the total numbers of Ebola holding and treatment centers increased from 640 to 960, six additional laboratories were established. On January, 2015, another two laboratories from America and The Netherlands were established. The numbers of samples tested one month before and after WAS program were 7,891 and 9,783, respectively, with an increase of 24.0 percent, while the positive rate of Ebola virus decreased from 22.2% (1,752/7,891) to 11.0% (1,077/9,783). The positive rate of blood samples decreased from 39.6% (248/626) in the month before WAS program to 27.4% (131/478) (χ2=17.93, P<0.001) in the mother after WAS program, the positive rate of blood samples 22.7% (103/454) to 10% (62/609) (χ2=31.03, P<0.001), accordingly. After 3 weeks of WAS program, in addition to Western Area, another four hotspots in Sierra Leone had also reported a significant decrease of the numbers of confirmed EVD cases. Forty-two days after implementation of WAS program, the daily number of laboratory confirmed EHF cases decreased from 63 to 10.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>WAS program played a vital role in controlling the EHF outbreak rapidly in Sierra Leone. It could also provide guidance for the control similar large infectious diseases outbreak in the future.</p>

Los caminos del capital humano avanzado: discusiones desde las experiencias / The ways of advanced human capital: discussions from experiences

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer las significaciones de la experiencia de formación de tercer ciclo de personas chilenas que realizan postgrados en el extranjero, en el marco del Programa Formación de Capital Humano Avanzado del Gobierno de Chile. Como marco metodológico se utilizó una epistemología feminista de conocimiento situado y como técnica, las producciones narrativas, desde las que se analizaron las experiencias de siete estudiantes de universidades españolas, mayoritariamente beneficiarios de Becas Chile. Como principales hallazgos se observaron una valoración positiva de la experiencia de estudiar en el extranjero y, simultáneamente, percepciones divergentes de esta experiencia vinculadas a las trayectorias educativas previas y el nivel socioeconómico de los profesionales, aspectos que incidieron en las identificaciones con el concepto de Capital Humano Avanzado para Chile. Así también, para algunos participantes, el Capital Humano Avanzado se plantea como un concepto impuesto y no coincidente con las oportunidades reales en el país para el ejercicio profesional, mostrándose más escépticos respecto a las posibilidades de una adecuada inserción laboral en el retorno a Chile.

The present research aimed to know the significance of academic training experienced by postgraduate students who are pursuing their studies abroad under the context of a Training Program for Advanced Human Capital promoted by the Government of Chile. A feminist epistemology of situated knowledge was used as methodological framework, and narrative productions were used as technique of data collection. With this approach, the experiences of seven graduate students in Spanish universities, mostly of them beneficiaries of scholarships from Chile, were analyzed. The main findings were: the positive assessment of the experience of studying abroad, the divergent testimonies about these experiences, which based on previous educational trajectories and the socioeconomic level of the professional. These aspects influenced the identifications with the concept of Advanced Human Capital for Chile. Also, for some participants, the Advanced Human Capital is seen as an imposed concept which does not coincide with the real opportunities for the professional practice in the country. Therefore, the participants are sceptical about the possibilities of adequate job insertion in the return to Chile.

Internacionalização da investigação e do ensino em Psicologia e Educação: demandas Portugal-Brasil / Internationalization of teaching and research in Psychology and Education: Portugal-Brazil demands

A problemática da internacionalização da investigação e do ensino tem surgido como importante e atual em várias áreas e diferentes modelos teóricos; destaca-se, no entanto, a escassez de investigações e a necessidade de aprofundamento das existentes. O objetivo geral desta conferência foi considerar especificidades da internacionalização da investigação e do ensino em Psicologia e Educação, centradas, sobretudo, na relação Brasil-Portugal. Falar da dimensão transnacional da investigação e do ensino implicou considerar variáveis como educação e valores, humanização, democratização, fragilidades, investimentos, espaços de conhecimento, visibilidade, avaliação, projetos e acordos bilaterais. O problema de pesquisa foi o seguinte: Como se processam as relações entre essas variáveis a fim de que sejam atendidas as múltiplas interações que as condicionam e de que sejam levantados desafios globais e buscas de interação Brasil-Portugal? O conceito de internacionalização da educação superior surge com uma diversidade de termos relacionados e várias fases de desenvolvimento. A internacionalização foi conceitualizada como trocas internacionais relacionadas com a educação, e a globalização foi entendida como uma fase avançada do processo de internacionalização. Constatou-se a falta de estudos empíricos, embora se encontrem perspectivas conceituais que deixam antever hipóteses de respostas aos problemas de afirmação da Psicologia e da Educação, nos desafios derivados da internacionalização da investigação e do ensino em geral, e no espaço de conhecimento luso-americano. Pôde constatar-se que, ao longo da história, o maior erro da educação e da ciência foi "dar ajuda ao mais potente" na guerra e na fome. Conclui-se que urge humanizar a ciência e, internacionalizando-a, levá-la aos cidadãos, qualquer que seja o país onde se encontrem. Implicações sociopolíticas são referenciadas, bem como sugestões de intervenção, rumo a uma educação para todos...

The issue of internationalization of research and teaching has arisen of teaching and research internationalization as important and current in different domains and theoretical models, despite the lack of studies and the necessity of deepening the existing ones. The main purpose of this conference was to consider some specificities of teaching and research internalization in psychology and education, teaching and research focusing on the relationship between Portugal and Brazil. To address the transactional dimension of teaching and research implied considering variables such as education and values, humanization, democratization, fragilities, investments, knowledge environments, visibility, assessment, projects and bilateral agreements. The problem considered was: how do relationships between these variables occur, considering the multiple interactions that constrain them, the global challenges, and the search for Portugal-Brazil interactions? The concept of higher education internationalization has emerged encompassing a diversity of related notions and several development phases. Internationalization was conceptualized as international exchanges related to education, while globalization was understood as an advanced phase of the internationalization process. The lack of empirical studies was observed, although some conceptual perspectives suggest hypothesis to address psychology and education affirmation difficulties, when responding to the challenges posed by teaching and research internationalization, both in general and in the Luso-American knowledge sphere...

Tem um queniano correndo entre nós: atletismo e migração no Brasil / There is a Kenyan in our race: athletics and migration in Brazil

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a movimentação migratória de esportistas estrangeiros do atletismo, sobretudo os de nacionalidades africanas, face ao seu sucesso em corridas de rua disputadas nas grandes cidades brasileiras. Focamos nossas análises na fala dos técnicos brasileiros de nível internacional que trabalham ou não com este grupo. Os resultados demonstram que os técnicos que treinam os atletas estrangeiros são contrários as normas reguladoras em vigor e que limitam a participação destes. Os técnicos centrados em atletas nacionais defendem as normas estabelecidas pela entidade responsável pelo esporte no país. Como conclusão, consideramos que um esporte individual como o atletismo que se estrutura à margem da identidade clubística, parece estar operando por parte de seus protagonistas sob o guarda chuva protetor do nacionalismo em que o atleta local deve ser defendido mediante reserva do mercado, contra a participação de atletas estrangeiros, sobretudo, na figura dos africanos...

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the migratory tendencies of foreign long distance runners, especially those from African descent. This interest rises from the great success these athletes have displayed in all major Brazilian city running events. The analysis was focused on coaches who work with Brazilian and international long distance runners. Coaches who are involved with training international runners are against to the regulation that restricts the participation of foreign runners in competitions organized by the Brazilian confederation (CBAt). On the other hand, coaches who work with Brazilian runners are in agreement with these rules. In conclusion we found that in an individual sport such as running that operates outside of traditional sports clubs there are tendencies of nationalism protecting the local athlete and discriminating the international competitor...

Brain drain: a harsh reality, international migration of Pakistani medical graduates

To explore final year students and fresh graduates' intentions to train abroad, identify the influencing factors for this decision and understand their attitudes towards conditions in Pakistan and abroad. Following informed consent, respondents were asked to complete a self administered structured questionnaire to collect demographic and educational information, their plans for post graduation training abroad, factors influencing decision to migrate abroad or stay in Pakistan as well as attitudes towards prospects in Pakistan and abroad. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS 17.0. Among the 275 respondents, 176 [60.4%] intended to go abroad for postgraduate training. Professional excellence [25.5%], easier career settlement [10.2%] and financial prosperity [7.6%] were some of the goals respondents wish to achieve through training abroad while required process of certifications i.e exams and tests [37.5%], expenses [24.4%] and visa problems [21.5%] were identified as barriers for migration abroad. Agreement among various groups [general public, patients, healthcare institutions, academic community] considering doctors trained abroad as more qualified than doctors trained in society and government attitude towards doctors as well as living standards in Pakistan. Positive attitudes were identified towards doctors' status, living standards, and ability to cope with working conditions, political and social circumstances abroad. A significant percentage of medical graduates intend to migrate abroad for post graduate training. Apart from better economic prospects, unhelpful view towards conditions in Pakistan also contribute for increasing trend of migration among physicians from our homeland

Is the concept of ethics misplaced in the migration of Indian trained dentists to Australia? The need for better international co-operation in dentistry.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethics involved in the migration of Indian trained dentists to Australia. It develops from interviews of senior oral health leaders in both the countries to provide evidence that ethics in migration is diluted in practice and to suggest that migratory procedures in both the countries should be reconsidered. There is also an urgent need for more organized bilateral communication and negotiation between the concerned organizations of both the countries (dental councils, immigration departments and research centers) in order to prevent the somewhat irreversible and intensive brain drain of top quality dentists from India to Australia. We would suggest as a starting point better monitoring of the migrants' academic and social background, the nature of the educational investment in India and the nature of the stay in Australia. This new information base could possibly lay the groundwork for more restrictive policies to be introduced both in Australia and India.

El terremoto de 2010 en Chile: respuesta del sistema de salud y de la cooperación internacional / The 2010 earthquake in Chile: the response of the health system and international cooperation

OBJETIVO: Conocer la respuesta que dieron el sistema de salud y la cooperación internacional a la situación de catástrofe generada por el terremoto y el tsunami ocurridos el 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile, y elaborar propuestas para mejorar las estrategias dirigidas a reducir los efectos devastadores de los desastres naturales. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y cualitativo con una primera fase de análisis de información secundaria -como artículos de prensa, discursos oficiales e informes técnicos- y una segunda fase de aplicación de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a actores institucionales encargados de la respuesta al desastre desde el sector salud y a usuarios del sistema de salud que actuaron como líderes y/o dirigentes en dicha respuesta. La investigación se desarrolló entre mayo y octubre de 2010 y el levantamiento de información se focalizó en las regiones Maule, Bío Bío y Metropolitana. RESULTADOS: Faltaron procedimientos para el registro, la distribución y el control de las donaciones. Los servicios de salud sufrieron daños importantes, incluida la destrucción total de 10 hospitales. Los hospitales de campaña y los equipos médicos extranjeros fueron valorados por la comunidad. El modelo de salud familiar y el compromiso del personal facilitaron la calidad de la respuesta. Si bien hubo un buen manejo sanitario, se registraron dificultades para enfrentar los problemas de salud mental por la inexistencia de planes locales y de simulacros previos. La población más afectada fue la que vivía en condiciones de pobreza. Las mujeres se convirtieron en líderes sociales organizando a la comunidad. CONCLUSIONES: Aun cuando la respuesta sanitaria frente a la emergencia fue satisfactoria, tanto el sistema de salud como la movilización de la asistencia internacional acusaron falencias que reforzaron inequidades previamente instaladas, demostrando la necesidad de construir planes preventivos multisectoriales y participativos para estar mejor preparados frente a los desastres.

OBJECTIVE: Understand the health system and international cooperation response to the catastrophic situation left by the earthquake and tsunami of 27 February 2010 in Chile, and draft proposals for improving strategies to mitigate the devastating effects of natural disasters. METHODS: Descriptive and qualitative study with a first phase involving the analysis of secondary information-such as news articles, official statements, and technical reports-and a second phase involving semistructured interviews of institutional actors in the public health sector responsible for disaster response and users of the health system who acted as leaders and/or managers of the response. The study was conducted between May and October 2010, and information-gathering focused on the Maule, Bío Bío, and Metropolitan regions. RESULTS: Procedures for recording, distributing, and controlling donations were lacking. The health services suffered significant damage, including the complete destruction of 10 hospitals. The presence of field hospitals and foreign medical teams were appreciated by the community. The family health model and the commitment of personnel helped to ensure the quality of the response. While public health management was generally good, problems dealing with mental health issues were encountered due to a lack of local plans and predisaster simulations. The poor were the most affected. Women became social leaders, organizing the community. CONCLUSIONS: Although the health response to the emergency was satisfactory, both the health system and the mobilization of international assistance suffered from weaknesses that exacerbated existing inequities, revealing the need for multisectoral participatory mitigation plans for better disaster preparedness.

Prevalence and predictors of positive tuberculin skin test results in a research laboratory / Prevalência e fatores preditores do teste cutâneo de tuberculina em um laboratório de pesquisa

Latent tuberculosis was studied in a research laboratory. A prevalence of positive tuberculin skin test results (> 15mm) of 20 percent was found and the main predictors were place of birth in a foreign country with high prevalence of tuberculosis and a history of contact with patients with untreated active tuberculosis.

A tuberculose latente foi estudada em um laboratório de investigação. Foi encontrada uma prevalência de 20 por cento de resultados positivos para o teste cutâneo de tuberculina (> 15mm) e os principais fatores preditores foram ser natural de um país estrangeiro com alta prevalência de tuberculose e ter uma história de contato com doentes com tuberculose ativa não tratada.

Acreditación de títulos profesionales e instituciones formadoras: el caso de Chile / Acreditation of professionals and teaching institutions: the case of Chile

Accreditation has acquired special relevance for the habilitation of professional practice, considering the proliferation of teaching institutions, the variety of training programs and the increasing amount of professionals requiring accreditation or revalidation of their titles. The internationalization of professional activities requires global and uniform accreditation procedures to avoid inequalities in evaluation of different professionals coming from abroad or from Chile. In the scope of medical practice, these concepts acquire special relevance, considering the appearance of new medical schools in the last decade and the increasing number of foreign physicians that need to revalidate their titles. In the period between January 1996 and September 1997, 192 foreign physicians applied to revalidate their titles and only 55 were approved. Therefore, the establishment of and effective evaluation system will correct deficiencies in the accreditation process and will promote the revision of training programs and the progress of teaching institutions. The organisms that will require to be accredited must be confident that this action will improve the quality of Chilean professional training